Stellar smart contracts enable automated and reliable financial transactions on the Stellar network. By using code to define the rules and conditions of an agreement, smart contracts can execute transactions and distribute assets without any human intervention once the specified conditions are met. This makes it possible to securely and transparently create agreements between entrusted parties on an open, decentralized network.
While the concept of smart contracts is straightforward, properly creating them requires some technical skills as well as tools to write, test, and deploy the contract code. This article will explain how to create Stellar smart contracts by discussing the development process, tools available to help write contracts, best practices for testing and securing contracts, and finally how to deploy your smart contract to the live Stellar network. By following the steps outlined, you’ll be able to leverage the full potential of smart contracts to automate financial agreements on the Stellar blockchain.
What are Stellar Smart Contracts?
Stellar Smart Contracts allow users to create agreements between untrusting parties that are enforceable without the need for a centralized authority. They are programmer agreements that are stored on the Stellar blockchain network. Contracts automatically execute the terms of the agreement when predetermined conditions are met. This makes it possible for two parties who do not know or trust each other to create and enforce an agreement.
Contracts guarantee that once set in motion, they are practically inescapable, making them very useful for escrow payments, exchanges, and lending. Stellar Smart Contracts use the stellar smart contract language which is a scripting language specifically designed for the stellar network. This contract language is called Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) which allows contracts to run in parallel and at high speeds.
Importance and Benefits of Stellar Smart Contracts
Smart contracts allow automation. They automate the execution of an agreement so that money or information is exchanged under certain conditions without the need for human intervention. This reduces costs and the possibility of error.
Smart contracts enable speed. They execute transactions quickly because no human review is required. This is important for financial applications where time is of the essence.
They facilitate asset exchange. Stellar smart contracts allow the exchange of different asset types including fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies, and tokens. This enables a range of interoperable applications.
Fees are low. Stellar smart contracts are designed to be streamlined and efficient. This keeps transaction fees low, making them practical for many use cases.
Security is improved. The limited functionality of Stellar smart contracts compared to more complex systems makes them less prone to security vulnerabilities and exploits.
How Stellar Differs from Other Blockchain
Stellar was built from the ground up to facilitate low-cost, efficient payments and financial services. This differentiates it from other blockchains in several key ways:
- Consensus – Stellar uses the Stellar Consensus Protocol instead of proof-of-work. This protocol aims to be faster, more efficient, and scalable for payments.
- Native asset – Stellar Lumens (XLM) acts as the native currency on the stellar network. They enable the transfer of value between different assets. Other blockchains do not have native assets.
- Smart contracts – Stellar smart contracts are designed to be simple and efficient for payments and asset exchange. They are not Turing complete like Ethereum smart contracts.
- Focus on interoperability – Stellar’s primary goal is to enable interoperability between different currencies and assets. This includes fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies, and tokens.
- Low fees – Transactions on the Stellar network cost fractions of a cent. This makes Stellar suitable for small and micropayments.
- Non-profit – The Stellar Development Foundation is a non-profit organization. This differs from for-profit blockchain corporations.
While sharing some similarities with other blockchain networks, Stellar differs in key ways that make it optimized specifically for payments, cross-border transfers, and interoperability between multiple asset types. Its consensus algorithm, native token, smart contracts, and low fees set it apart as a specialized blockchain for financial services.
Features of Smart Contracts
Smart contracts are programs that automatically execute the terms of an agreement. Some of its common features are:
- Automate execution – Smart contracts automatically carry out transactions when preset rules and conditions are met. This removes the need for human intervention.
- Conditional execution – Smart contracts can be programmed to only execute transactions if certain conditions are satisfied. This enables “if this then that” logic.
- Immutable code – Once deployed, the code of a smart contract cannot be altered. It executes exactly as programmed, providing reliability and transparency.
- Transparency – The entire code and terms of a smart contract are visible to all parties. There are no hidden clauses or changes that can be made later.
- Improve security – Smart contract code is reviewed before deployment. When bugs are found and fixed, the correct code is deployed, making the contract more secure over time.
- Potential cost savings – Automating processes through smart contracts can reduce costs by removing manual labor, review, and errors. This leads to lower expenses.
- Open access – Smart contracts reside on blockchain networks that are open and accessible to anyone with the right credentials. This provides transparency.
Stellar Smart Contract Languages
Stellar smart contracts use a custom scripting language called Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) that was specifically designed for the Stellar network. SCP allows contracts to run in parallel and at very high speeds. It focuses on simplicity and clarity while being readable by both humans and machines. The SCP code is executed by specialized nodes in the Stellar network called validators.
Another language that can be used to write Stellar smart contracts is XML, a derivative of HTML. XML provides a standardized way to encode documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. XML scripts can be used to define conditions, variables, and operations for Stellar smart contracts.
In the future, Stellar may also support more common smart contract languages like Solidity which is used on the Ethereum network. However, for now, SCP and XML remain the only two languages supported for writing and deploying smart contracts on the Stellar network. They provide the functionality required to automate a wide range of financial agreements and transactions.
Tools and Platforms for Creating Stellar Smart Contracts
Several tools and platforms make it easy to create and deploy Stellar smart contracts. Some of the main ones are:
- Stellar Laboratory – This is an online IDE (integrated development environment) provided by the Stellar Development Foundation. It allows you to write, test and deploy SCP smart contracts directly from your web browser. It has an in-built simulator and test network.
- Stellar Studio – This is another web-based IDE and contract builder for Stellar. It provides a visual interface to facilitate creating, testing, and deploying smart contracts.
- StellarX – This is a blockchain explorer and wallet for the Stellar network. It also offers a simple smart contract builder to create basic conditional payments and escrow contracts.
- Stellar Smart Contract API – This API allows developers to programmatically manage smart contracts on Stellar directly from their applications.
- Various SDKs – There are Stellar SDKs for multiple programming languages like JavaScript, Java, Python, Go, etc. Developers can use these SDKs to build applications that interact with Stellar smart contracts.
Steps to Create a Stellar Smart Contract
Here are the steps to create a Stellar smart contract:
- Decide what type of agreement or transaction you want to automate using a smart contract. Examples include escrow payments, conditional transfers, or lending agreements.
- Define the variables, conditions, and operations needed for your contract. This includes things like participant addresses, asset amounts, trigger conditions, and how assets should be distributed.
- Write the SCP or XML code to specify the details of your contract. Use an IDE like Stellar Laboratory or Stellar Studio to help write the code.
- Test your contract code locally to ensure it works as intended and fixes any errors. You can use the in-built simulators and test networks within IDEs.
- Deploy your smart contract to the live Stellar network. IDEs make this simple with a deploy button that distributes your contract code to Stellar validators.
- Participants can then interact with the contract by signing transactions that trigger the conditions specified in the contract code.
- Once conditions are met, the smart contract will automatically execute by distributing assets as specified in the contract. Participants do not need to take any additional actions.
- You can monitor the contract’s status and executions on a blockchain explorer like Stellar Expert or StellarX to ensure it performed as intended.
Those are the high-level steps to create and deploy a basic Stellar smart contract. Tools like IDEs and SDKs simplify the process and help write bug-free code.
Testing and Debugging Stellar Smart Contracts
Testing and debugging smart contracts is an important part of the development process. Since contracts are deployed permanently to the blockchain, any bugs can have serious consequences. IDEs like Stellar Laboratory provide an in-built simulator to test contracts locally before deployment. This allows developers to simulate different scenarios and conditions to ensure the contract performs as intended. Any errors in the code can be fixed without affecting the live Stellar network.
After fixing errors, developers can further test their contracts using the test networks within IDEs. This replicates a real Stellar network but with fake assets. Contracts deployed to the test network can be tested and monitored without risks. Once developers are satisfied with the contract’s performance, they can then confidently deploy it to the live Stellar network. Even after deployment, contracts should be monitored to check for any unforeseen issues and fix them in later updates. Proper testing reduces risks and improves the reliability of smart contracts.
Security and Auditing of Stellar Smart Contracts
Audits check contracts for vulnerabilities like overflow errors that could allow funds to be stolen. An independent security audit reviews the contract’s code for flaws and issues recommendations for improvement. Fixing identified issues and redeploying updated code improves security.
Stellar’s built-in protections also aid security. Account thresholds require multiple signers to approve transactions, preventing funds theft even if one signer’s keys are compromised. The network also has in-built transaction limits and reserve requirements to prevent spam or unstable operations.
Conclusion
Creating Stellar smart contracts involves defining your agreement terms, writing the code in SCP or XML, testing the contract using simulators and test nets, and finally deploying it to the live Stellar network. Tools like Stellar Laboratory, Stellar Studio, and various SDKs make the process easier by providing visual interfaces, in-built simulators, and APIs. However, properly testing and auditing your contract code remains critical to identify and fix any bugs before deployment.
Even after deployment, contracts should be monitored to ensure they function as intense. While straightforward in concept, smart contracts require precision and accuracy in their code to avoid losses and issues. With the proper tools, development process, and testing procedures, reliable Stellar smart contracts can be created to automate financial transactions and agreements of all kinds.
